Partition keys (1A) + producer idempotency (1B): spec, brief, draft implementation#295
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Partition keys (1A) + producer idempotency (1B): spec, brief, draft implementation#295NikolayS wants to merge 27 commits into
NikolayS wants to merge 27 commits into
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Design guidance for external PRs adding pg-boss-style idempotency keys (refs #293) and per-partition serialization. Maps both features onto PgQue's existing layering: sidecar tables (rotation-safe), send wrappers that reduce to insert_event(), consumer-side gating instead of engine changes, maint-cycle expiry to bound bloat. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01WuaYcu1XXsVEpsnLhF1FFu
Records why pgque's producer idempotency is a TTL window (log model, not job queue) and why free-once-processed belongs on the consumer side. Includes prior-art survey (SQS/NATS/Rabbit vs pg-boss/Oban/River/ Graphile/Hatchet, pgmq gap) and the producer GC fork. Internal blueprint; basis for the reply to #293. Not yet pushed. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01WuaYcu1XXsVEpsnLhF1FFu
SamoSpec-format spec (blueprints/partition-keys/SPEC.md) for consumer-side ordered, parallel consumption by partition key (Kafka-partition model: order within a key, parallelism across keys, no per-event state). Adds a self-contained on-brand HTML brief at web/public/briefs/partition-keys.html (served by Pages at /briefs/partition-keys.html on merge to main). Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01WuaYcu1XXsVEpsnLhF1FFu
Re-ground the consumer mechanism after ops/security + QA/testability review: drop the (impossible) cooperative-consumer overlay for N independent slot subscriptions filtering via get_batch_cursor extra_where; restate the guarantee as testable G1/G2/G3; correct the retry rationale (ev_id preserved, ev_txid changes); derive pause from existing retry_queue (no new table); fix send-signature collision, ev_extra1/trigger collision, unstable hashtext, fixed-N invariant, slot/owner definition. Add decisions.md and refresh the HTML brief. Remove superseded IDEMPOTENCY_AND_PARTITIONS.md contributor guide. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01WuaYcu1XXsVEpsnLhF1FFu
Relocate IDEMPOTENCY_DESIGN.md -> blueprints/idempotency/DESIGN.md to match the partition-keys/ slug layout; update the cross-reference in the partition spec and refresh the note's footer. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01WuaYcu1XXsVEpsnLhF1FFu
Round 2 verified the model against the engine: G1 ev_id ordering is real (order by 1, preserved through get_batch_cursor) and the G2 single-owner lock is the tested #97 guard. Fixes folded in: - security: receive_partitioned/subscribe_slot are SECURITY DEFINER over the admin-only get_batch_cursor; validated integer-only filter (corrects the "injection-safe" framing). - correctness: pause blocked-set moved off the transient retry_queue to a durable compact partition_block marker (per failing key, not per event); DLQ-unblock predicate made explicit. - bug: modulo sign-normalized to (h%N+N)%N. - R7 rotation wedge (+ pause must not hold the batch open); N persistence + teardown + DLQ-cascade caveat. - tests: retry-affinity, security, N-invariant; split G2 block/parallel; get_batch_cursor in engine-untouched guard. Update decisions.md (round-2 scorecard) and refresh the brief. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01WuaYcu1XXsVEpsnLhF1FFu
Round 3 convergence: Phase 1 (skip-default partition consumption) declared implementation-ready; pause split into Phase 2 with explicit open items (O1 defer-without-retry-increment primitive; O2 hot-blocked- key cost). Corrected the SECURITY DEFINER model to the co-ownership invariant (not pgque_admin) + non-superuser-owner security test. Fixed DLQ-unblock sub_id<->co_id join; partition_block FK-cascade/index/ revoked-from-roles, created empty in Phase 1; tightened tests (engine-untouched /4 overload, in-order-after-unblock, marker-clear-via- DLQ, marker durability, hot-blocked-key). Update decisions.md and brief. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01WuaYcu1XXsVEpsnLhF1FFu
Resolve two follow-up design questions on the partition-keys brief: fixed-N rebalancing and how partitions map to workers. - Add SPEC §15 + brief §07: claim-based assignment via per-slot pg_try_advisory_lock — no leader, no PartitionAssignor, no rebalance protocol. The DB arbitrates; scale-up/down is lock acquire/release. - Separate the two locks: G2 blocking receive lock = correctness backstop; advisory slot lock = distribution/liveness only. - D8 decision row; T-claim assignment-liveness test. - Correct the over-provisioning framing: fixed N is also the read-amp multiplier, so inflating N is not free; online resize breaks G1 mid-flight. Expand R4. - Log the Q&A in decisions.md; bump to v0.5 (draft).
Lead with Tier A (mutual exclusion via cooperative consumers + per-key advisory lock, near-zero engine code) — it covers the migration workload and folds in the idempotency ask. Reposition the hash-slot design as Tier B (ordered per key), the inherent price of strict ordering, where fixed N / read-amp / slot assignment live. Correct advisory-lock framing: per-key in Tier A, per-slot distribution in Tier B.
Self-contained spike under blueprints/partition-keys/repro/ that installs pgque on a fresh VM, drives both workloads concurrently, measures throughput, and checks the guarantees empirically. No engine changes — both tiers are thin recipes over existing primitives. - Tier A (mutual exclusion): cooperative consumers + per-key advisory lock; verifies G2 (no overlapping runs per key) and idempotency collapse (1 run per tenant despite duplicates). - Tier B (ordered): N hash-routed slot subscriptions via get_batch_cursor extra_where; verifies G1 affinity + FIFO + exactly-once, and measures read amplification. Measured (this VM, PG16): Tier A 8k events -> exactly 2000 runs, all invariants PASS at 4/8/16 workers. Tier B read amplification = N exactly (4.00/8.00/16.00x) with aggregate throughput ~inverse to N (87k/54k/30k ev/s) — strict ordering's cost, quantified.
Updated README.md to reflect changes in the partition-keys reproduction spike, including installation instructions, workload details, and caveats.
Port the reproduction driver from Python to TypeScript on bun + pg, to match clients/typescript/ and Fabrizio's stack. Align the repro to the two cases from the thread: - Case 1 (migrations) now models BOTH guarantees that were conflated: L1 producer-side idempotency (TTL dedup window, demo.send_idem) that prevents duplicate INSERTs, and L2 consumer-side mutual exclusion (advisory lock) that prevents duplicate WORK. Concurrent producers + background ticker exercise the real race. - Case 2 (lifecycle) unchanged: ordered slots, read-amp measured. Correct the brief's overreach: idempotency is a complementary layer, not the same requirement as partition keys. Measured (PG16): dedup OFF -> 12000 attempts/12000 inserted/1000 runs; dedup ON -> 12000 attempts/1000 inserted/1000 runs. Both: all invariants PASS. Case 2 read-amp = N exactly.
…ardrail Act on review (Max): partition-keys is the ordered-slot feature only; producer TTL dedup becomes a separate send-layer feature. - New blueprints/idempotency/SPEC.md: producer TTL dedup feature spec with the key-scope rule in hard language (key must encode the desired EFFECT, not just the entity), atomic claim+append, (queue, idem_key) scoping, rotation/maintenance GC, orthogonality to partition keys. - Repro: add --tier hazard guardrail proving the version-suppression bug — entity-only key drops the v2 migration (0 inserted); effect-scoped key delivers both waves. Reframe Case 1 as 'producer idempotency + consumer mutual exclusion on a plain queue', not partition keys. - partition-keys SPEC: promote rotation pinning to a first-class risk (R7); point §12 at the new feature spec; roadmap 1A/1B/2/3; v0.6. - Brief: scope to ordered slots, separate-feature framing, key-scope footgun callout, rotation-pin note, roadmap pills; v0.7. Guardrail measured (PG16): tenant key -> v2 0 inserted; tenant:version -> v2 N inserted. PASS.
…s-style bench.ts compares PgQue (append + rotation) against a pg-boss-style mutable job table (insert->update->delete) in the same DB. Measured (PG16): consume throughput pgque ~208k ev/s vs jobq ~40k ev/s (~5x — the per-message UPDATE+DELETE churn is the tax). Under backlog, pgque holds ZERO dead tuples and needs ZERO vacuum; the mutable table accumulates ~2 dead tuples per processed job and, after draining a ~150k backlog, sits at ~300k dead tuples / ~34 MiB (grew while draining) — the pg-boss bloat, reproduced. Adds demo.jobq baseline table. Honest gaps documented: produce is round-trip-bound, and the full rotation reclaim-to-zero curve is a follow-up (PgQ rotation is a multi-period state machine).
…resize Applied after Fabrizio tested the repro, plus an advisor + 4-agent workflow that converged independently. - Correct the receive-lock claim: core DOES coordinate (for update of s returns the same active batch idempotently, two_session_receive_lock.sh); the real hazard is the process->ack gap, not a coordination vacuum (§12). - State the mechanism/policy seam (D8): core SQL owns corruption-capable transitions; clients/users own guarded policy loops. - Reject a member/heartbeat/lease table (D10) — redundant with session-death advisory-lock release + G2 — replaced by core slot_lock_key (D7) + a read-only partition_slot_status view. - Add the connection-pooler caveat (session locks need session-mode/direct connections — the Supabase ICP). - Upgrade R4 to a sanctioned epoch-gated drain-then-cutover online-resize protocol (D9, §15) with retry-flush + DLQ-preservation guards (Kinesis parent-shard-drain shape); immutable N in Phase 1. - Promote "every slot must be polled" to a hard R7-adjacent requirement. - Brief + decisions.md updated; changelog v0.7. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Materialize every historical draft of the partition-keys brief (v0.1–v0.7) as its own self-contained page under web/public/briefs/partition-keys/, extracted from git history. Inject a version-switcher nav into each page and the live brief, add an index landing page. All self-contained (inline CSS, no external assets) so they render under the Pages CSP. - /briefs/partition-keys.html -> live (latest, v0.7) + switcher - /briefs/partition-keys/ -> version index - /briefs/partition-keys/vX.Y.html -> each archived draft Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Final review pass caught the self-contradiction v0.7 introduced and a resize data-loss hole; applied: - F1: the receive-lock correction (§12) makes the session claim LOAD-BEARING for G2, not "pure liveness" — fixed G2 (§2), the two-lock framing (§15), D7, the mechanism/policy prose, and the brief lock cards. Claim releases only at a batch boundary (releasing mid-batch hands the successor the same open batch). - F2: reworked online resize from ev_id-gating to tick-window gating — fixes the abort_resize data-loss hole and the ev_seal type conflation; abort is now loss-free by construction; complete_resize takes the subscription row lock; DLQ re-home + retry-flush specified. Marked the protocol "draft — needs its own review round before Phase 3." - F3/F4: D10/pooling sharpened — session lock leaks onto the pooled backend under transaction pooling (wedge, not miss); only the claim connection needs session mode; tcp_keepalives_* for silent partitions. - F6: brief drift (lock cards, resize note, D8/D9 ID collision -> A1/A2). - F7: epoch column gets a job — receive_partitioned returns it as a user-space fencing token. - Regenerated the v0.7 archive snapshot to match. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Fresh-eyes review after the v0.7 refinement: - §8 grants list now includes slot_lock_key/claim_slot/release_slot and select on partition_slot_status (they were core per D7 but ungranted). - Removed review-finding labels (F7/F2) that leaked into spec prose; replaced with real cross-references (D9, §8, §15). - Brief pooling bullet updated to the corrected semantics: the session lock leaks onto the pooled backend (wedge, not miss), and only the claim-holding connection needs session/direct mode. - v0.7 archive snapshot regenerated to match. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01HYTw9GXVXJvectNqZ2fqsq
N independent slot consumers over the append-only log (SPEC v0.7 §6/§8/§15): send(queue, type, payload, partition_key) -> ev_extra1; subscribe_slot/ unsubscribe_slot with persisted enforced N; receive_partitioned via the admin-only get_batch_cursor extra_where hash filter (SECURITY DEFINER co-ownership, validated ints only); ack_partitioned; slot_lock_key/ claim_slot/release_slot shared advisory namespace; partition_slot_status view (owner pid via pg_locks, cursor lag). skip policy only — no pause, no resize. Red/green TDD: tests/test_partition_keys.sql (US-12.1..12.7, dblink second backend) failed against plain pgque.sql, green after the feature; tests/two_session_slot_claim.sh proves claim exclusivity + crash reclaim + owner visibility across two real sessions. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01HYTw9GXVXJvectNqZ2fqsq
pgque.send_idem(queue, type, payload, idem_key, ttl, partition_key) returns (event_id, deduped): atomic single-statement claim on pgque.idem (insert .. on conflict do update .. where expired), append + claim commit atomically, dedup returns the ORIGINAL event_id. maint_idem() GC self-registers via the existing queue_extra_maint hook — pgque.maint() reaps expired claims with no maint.sql edit. Exact-match (queue, idem_key) scoping; key-must-encode-effect hazard documented. Red/green TDD: tests/test_send_idem.sql (US-13.1..13.4 + atomicity + dblink race: two concurrent send_idem same key -> exactly one insert). Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01HYTw9GXVXJvectNqZ2fqsq
- SPEC §17 (partition-keys) + idempotency SPEC user-story sections: US-12.1..12.7 (Fabrizio case 2: lifecycle events) and US-13.1..13.5 (case 1: migration dedup), each with acceptance criterion + test pointer; brief gets a matching User Stories panel. - tests/acceptance/us12_partition_keys.sql, us13_producer_idempotency.sql wired into run_acceptance.sql; regression tests wired into run_all.sql. - build/transform.sh includes partition_keys.sql + send_idem.sql in the default API surface; sql/pgque.sql + pgque-tle.sql rebuilt. Verified end-to-end on a fresh PG 18.3: install -> full regression (173 PASS) -> full acceptance (US-1..US-13 ALL PASSED) -> two-session manual test (claim exclusivity, crash reclaim, owner visibility). Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com> Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01HYTw9GXVXJvectNqZ2fqsq
NikolayS
changed the title
Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Slot ownership moves from session-scoped advisory locks to a batch-granularity lease (worker id + TTL + epoch) in pgque.partition_slot: plain transactional DML, so it works on one PgBouncer transaction-mode pool with no session state and no connection-per-worker floor (Fabrizio review). receive/ack now require and renew the lease (server-enforced G2); takeover of an expired lease bumps the epoch and fences the zombie. slot_lock_key is removed. Spec v0.8 (new D11); adds T-fencing and the previously missing T-retry-affinity test. Verified: tests/run_all.sql, tests/acceptance/run_acceptance.sql, tests/two_session_slot_claim.sh all green on a fresh install (PG local); install idempotent over the old draft via guarded drops. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Review pass on v0.8 (adversarial SQL + consistency + brief), applied in place without a version bump: - plain receive/ack/nack reject partition slot consumers (#-names): without the guard a reader could drive the raw slot subscription lease-free and unfiltered, and a fenced zombie could double-ack via plain ack(batch_id) - add nack_partitioned: lease-fenced slot retry/DLQ path (plain nack no longer serves slot batches); shared _nack_batch_event core preserves the #98 canonical re-query and #104 idempotent DLQ - spec fixes: epoch is returned by claim_slot (not receive), the D9 resize epoch and D11 lease epoch are distinct counters, partition_block is Phase-2-only, null-key routes to slot 0 (G1), grace-rule wording, G2 enforcement scoped honestly to the pgque-api surface - brief updated to v0.8 (+archived copy, version switcher) - new tests: raw-slot guards, claim validation, view epoch after takeover, lease renewal heartbeat Verified: run_all, acceptance, two_session_slot_claim.sh green on a fresh install of the rebuilt sql/pgque.sql. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The brief named session-scoped pg_try_advisory_lock in the Tier A per-key recipe while the idempotency spec and US-13.5 test use pg_try_advisory_xact_lock -- the xact-scoped variant is pooler-safe and consistent with D11's rejection of session locks. Align the brief (live + v0.8 archive) and spec section 12 wording. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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Partition-keys benchmark — v0.8 lease model at the target scale (SPEC R2/R7, S4)Question this answers: does the N-slot + batch-lease design sustain a high-volume multi-tenant profile — >400M events/day, ordered per tenant — and what do read amplification (R2) and rotation pinning (R7) cost in practice? Setup
Headline
Steady state: the design holds the target with a wide margin. ~9.0M events produced and consumed per 30-minute phase; per-slot pending p50 0, p99 ~1,320 events (≈ 0.26 s of production); zero buffer reads (fully cache-resident window); CPU peak 26–31% on 16 cores. Doubling N from 16→32 at the same rate changed steady-state lag not at all. Read amplification (R2)
Every slot scans the full stream and filters server-side, so buffers touched per produced event grow with N — observed sublinear (1.60× for 2× slots), all from shared_buffers at this scale. Practical read: at 5k ev/s, going from 16 to 32 slots costs ~5 CPU points. R2 is real, measurable, and affordable at this profile; it argues for keeping N at the parallelism you need, as the SPEC says. Rotation pinning (R7) — demonstrated, quantifiedSlot 7's worker SIGSTOPped for 8 minutes mid-phase:
Two operational findings worth pinning in the docs:
Dead tuples & bloat
Caveats
Bottom line for the >400M/day question: steady state sustains it at ~26–31% peak CPU on 16 dedicated cores with sub-second per-slot lag and zero event-table bloat, at both N=16 and N=32. The two things that need operational discipline are exactly the two the SPEC already names: keep every slot polled (R7 + §15) and alert on per-slot lag. Raw data: |
Keyed zipfian producer (pgbench), N slot workers on the real v0.8 lease API (bun), per-slot lag / pgss / bloat / sys samplers, three phases (steady-16, steady-32, stalled-slot for R7), summarizer with read-amp and dead-tuple sections. Results from R1 on Hetzner CCX43: benchmark/partition-keys/results/r1-ccx43-summary.md and PR comment. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Replace the named-prospect ICP/profile framing with neutral 'high-volume multi-tenant' / 'transaction-pooler ICP' wording across the partition-keys spec, decisions, brief (v0.8 + archive), and benchmark harness/summary. Generic managed-provider compatibility lists are unchanged. Anti-leak: no specific prospect in public artifacts. Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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Forward-looking: does partition-keys shard? (roadmap note — out of scope for this PR)Recording this because it came up while reviewing the design, and because it's evidence the abstraction is cut at the right joint. Not proposed for this PR — this is Phase-N thinking. It composes cleanly, and here's whyEvery guarantee this feature makes is per-key: G1 (order within a key), G2 (single processor per key), retry affinity, and the send_idem dedup window. There is deliberately no cross-key guarantee — no global order, no cross-key transaction. That is exactly the contract shape that lets Kafka/Kinesis shard: if the unit of guarantee is the key, splitting keys across nodes loses nothing, because nothing was ever promised between keys. So the sharded model is the obvious one — key routes to a shard, shard is a full independent pgque install: Two-level hashing: key picks the shard (level 1), then the existing The one trap worth writing down nowIf both levels use the same hash, shard count S and slot count N must not share factors. With S=8, N=4: every key in shard The three routers
The strongest argumentIf the app's own data is sharded by the same key (the multi-tenant profile in the benchmark almost certainly is), app rows and their queue land on the same shard — preserving the transactional-outbox property: Relation to the benchmark just postedSharding is orthogonal to the read-amplification result above, and complementary: read-amp is the ~N× cost of the slot filter within one install (measured 4.39 → 7.02 buffers/event for N=16 → 32). Sharding scales write/storage/CPU horizontally across nodes; slots give per-key parallelism within a shard. At the volume benchmarked (5k ev/s ≈ 432M/day) a single 16-core node sits at ~30% CPU, so sharding isn't needed here — it's the lever for the 10× beyond, or for spreading storage. The single-reader dispatch idea (R6) is the other answer to read-amp and is independent of sharding. What it would cost pgqueAlmost nothing in core — that's the point:
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Status: DRAFT — do not merge
Awaiting external review by Fabrizio — this implements the two features he needs to move off pg-boss. Merge only after his review + the standard loop (CI → REV → functional test).
What's here
Design layer (converged through 3 internal review rounds + Max + Fabrizio + two stronger-model refinement passes):
blueprints/partition-keys/SPEC.mdv0.7 — ordered per-key consumption via N slot subscriptions; G1/G2 corrected (session claim is load-bearing, not "pure liveness"); mechanism/policy seam; member/heartbeat table rejected (D10); tick-gated online-resize protocol as sanctioned future path (D9, draft); connection-pooler caveat (only the claim connection needs session mode).blueprints/idempotency/SPEC.md— producer TTL dedup as a separate send-layer feature.User stories — US-12.1–12.7 (lifecycle events: keyed send, per-key order, cross-key parallelism, single processor, claim/crash-recovery, observability, enforced N) and US-13.1–13.5 (migrations: TTL dedup, effect-scoped keys, expiry, GC, mutual-exclusion recipe) in both SPECs, the brief, and executable acceptance tests.
Draft implementation (red/green TDD, engine untouched):
sql/pgque-api/partition_keys.sql— 4-argsend,subscribe_slot/unsubscribe_slot(persisted enforced N),receive_partitioned(SECURITY DEFINER co-ownership over the admin-onlyget_batch_cursorextra_where hook),ack_partitioned,slot_lock_key/claim_slot/release_slot,partition_slot_statusview.sql/pgque-api/send_idem.sql— atomic single-statement TTL claim, dedup returns the original event_id,maint_idem()GC self-registered viaqueue_extra_maint(zero maint.sql edits).build/transform.sh;sql/pgque.sql+pgque-tle.sqlrebuilt.Reproduction & benchmarks (earlier commits): TS/bun repro of both workloads incl. the version-suppression hazard guardrail; bloat-under-backlog + throughput bench vs a pg-boss-style mutable job table.
Verification (fresh PostgreSQL 18.3)
Repro commands:
Known follow-ups before leaving draft
pausepolicy (Phase 2) blocked on O1 — deliberately NOT implemented🤖 Generated with Claude Code
https://claude.ai/code/session_01HYTw9GXVXJvectNqZ2fqsq